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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

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Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

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Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Measurement of Fluid Pressure01:16

Measurement of Fluid Pressure

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Fluid pressure is commonly measured using devices called manometers, which rely on liquid columns to indicate pressure differences. The height of a liquid column in a manometer reflects the pressure exerted by the fluid, providing a simple yet effective means of measurement. Different types of manometers serve specific purposes based on their configurations and the type of fluids involved.
A basic form of manometer is the piezometer, a vertical tube open at the top and filled with the same...
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Thermometers and Temperature Scales01:22

Thermometers and Temperature Scales

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Any physical property that depends consistently and reproducibly on temperature can be used as the basis of a thermometer. For example, volume increases with temperature for most substances. This property is the basis for the common alcohol thermometer and the original mercury thermometers. Other properties used to measure temperature include electrical resistance, color, and the emission of infrared radiation.
As many physical properties depend on temperature, the variety of thermometers is...
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Random Error01:04

Random Error

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Random or indeterminate errors originate from various uncontrollable variables, such as variations in environmental conditions, instrument imperfections, or the inherent variability of the phenomena being measured. Usually, these errors cannot be predicted, estimated, or characterized because their direction and magnitude often vary in magnitude and direction even during consecutive measurements. As a result, they are difficult to eliminate. However, the aggregate effect of these errors can be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 27, 2025

Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing
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Design, Instrumentation and Usage Protocols for Distributed In Situ Thermal Hot Spots Monitoring in Electric Coils using FBG Sensor Multiplexing

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FBG-Based Temperature Sensors for Liquid Identification and Liquid Level Estimation via Random Forest.

Katiuski Pereira1, Wagner Coimbra1, Renan Lazaro1

  • 1Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Espirito Santo (UFES), Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel liquid level measurement and classification system using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors and the random forest algorithm. The system accurately identifies fluids and measures levels, offering a feasible solution for practical applications.

Keywords:
fiber Bragg gratingsfluid identificationliquid level estimationoil classificationrandom foresttemperature sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Sensor Technology
  • Optical Sensing
  • Machine Learning Applications

Background:

  • Accurate liquid level measurement and fluid classification are crucial in various industrial processes.
  • Traditional methods can be limited by environmental factors like temperature variations.
  • Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) offer a robust sensing platform for such applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a liquid level measurement and classification system.
  • To assess the performance of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor array combined with the random forest (RF) algorithm.
  • To demonstrate the system's capability in distinguishing between oil and non-oil fluids under controlled temperature conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensor array for sensing.
  • Employed the random forest (RF) algorithm for both fluid classification (oil vs. non-oil) and level measurement.
  • Heated fluids using a Peltier device to maintain a constant experimental temperature (318.15 K).

Main Results:

  • Achieved 100% accuracy in fluid identification using the RF algorithm.
  • Obtained an average root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.2603 cm for fluid level measurement, with a maximum RMSE below 0.4 cm.
  • Successfully identified water, mineral oil, and silicone oil using three distinct FBGs.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed FBG-based system with RF algorithm is a feasible tool for fluid identification and level estimation.
  • The method demonstrates robustness under temperature variation conditions.
  • The system offers practical benefits due to its easy assembly and straightforward operation.