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Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Errors in Global Positioning System01:26

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Global Positioning System (GPS) technology has revolutionized navigation and positioning, but its accuracy is often compromised by various errors. These errors, stemming from environmental, satellite, and receiver-related factors, require careful mitigation to ensure reliable performance across applications.Atmospheric ErrorsGPS signals travel through the Earth’s ionosphere and troposphere, introducing delays which affect accuracy. The ionosphere is strongly influenced by charged particles,...
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Types of Errors: Detection and Minimization01:12

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Error is the deviation of the obtained result from the true, expected value or the estimated central value. Errors are expressed in absolute or relative terms.
Absolute error in a measurement is the numerical difference from the true or central value. Relative error is the ratio between absolute error and the true or central value, expressed as a percentage.
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Field Application of Global Positioning System01:28

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) has become an indispensable tool in fieldwork, offering unparalleled precision and efficiency for surveying, navigation, and infrastructure development. By harnessing signals from a constellation of satellites, GPS receivers determine the location of objects with remarkable speed and accuracy, often completing calculations within a second.Advantages of Modern GPS TechnologyContemporary GPS receivers are designed to meet the practical demands of field...
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Cyberattack on Flight Safety: Detection and Mitigation Using LoRa.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) faces cyber threats. An Internet of Things (IoT) system is proposed as an additional safety layer to enhance flight safety against jamming and spoofing attacks.

Keywords:
ADS-BInternet of Things (IoT)LoRaWireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)cybersense and avoid

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Area of Science:

  • Aviation safety and cybersecurity
  • Air Traffic Control (ATC) systems
  • Internet of Things (IoT) applications

Background:

  • Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is crucial for global Air Traffic Control (ATC).
  • ADS-B is a key component of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) NextGen plan for managing airspace.
  • Significant concerns exist regarding ADS-B's vulnerability to cyberattacks like jamming and spoofing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize cyberattacks and challenges associated with ADS-B vulnerabilities.
  • To propose and evaluate an Internet of Things (IoT)-based system as an additional safety layer.
  • To mitigate cyber-vulnerabilities within the ADS-B communication system.

Main Methods:

  • Review and summarization of existing ADS-B cyber threats.
  • Development of theoretical and practical methods for an IoT-based safety system.
  • Simulation and field experiments to assess the performance of the proposed IoT system.

Main Results:

  • Identified and summarized key cyberattacks and challenges impacting ADS-B.
  • Presented a novel IoT-based system designed to enhance ADS-B security.
  • Experimental results demonstrated the potential effectiveness of the IoT system in mitigating vulnerabilities.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed IoT system offers a viable additional safety layer for civilian aviation.
  • Implementation can improve flight safety during cyberattacks or ADS-B communication failures.
  • The system shows promise for widespread adoption across various civilian aircraft.