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Evolution of a σ-(c-di-GMP)-anti-σ switch.

Maria A Schumacher1, Kelley A Gallagher2, Neil A Holmes2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710; maria.schumacher@duke.edu mark.buttner@jic.ac.uk.

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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The anti-sigma factor RsiG evolved from a single c-di-GMP binding motif homodimer to a twin-motif monomer in Actinobacteria. This evolution, driven by gene duplication, impacts bacterial sporulation and pilus expression.

Keywords:
RsiGStreptomycesc-di-GMP signalingprotein evolutionsecond messenger

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Filamentous actinobacteria like *Streptomyces* exhibit complex lifecycles involving spore differentiation.
  • Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates this transition by modulating the anti-sigma factor RsiG, which binds the sporulation sigma factor WhiG.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary history and structural diversity of RsiG homologs within Actinobacteria.
  • To understand the mechanism of c-di-GMP binding and WhiG interaction in both single-motif and twin-motif RsiG variants.

Main Methods:

  • Structural analysis of RsiG-c-di-GMP-WhiG complexes from *Streptomyces venezuelae* and *Rubrobacter radiotolerans*.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of RsiG homologs across Actinobacteria.
  • Biochemical assays to study RsiG function in *R. radiotolerans*.

Main Results:

  • RsiG homologs are widespread in Actinobacteria, with variations in c-di-GMP binding motifs.
  • Single-motif RsiGs in unicellular bacteria homodimerize to bind c-di-GMP and WhiG, regulating type IV pilus expression.
  • Twin-motif RsiGs, arising from gene duplication, function as monomers and are found in other Actinobacteria.

Conclusions:

  • The anti-sigma RsiG evolved via intragenic duplication from a homodimeric single-motif protein to a monomeric twin-motif protein.
  • This evolutionary trajectory altered RsiG function and regulation across diverse Actinobacteria.
  • Structural and functional differences between RsiG variants offer insights into their selective advantages.