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Updated: Oct 27, 2025
Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
Published on: June 18, 2021
[Intracerebral haemorrhage - acute event and chronic disease]
Martina Göldlin1, Piotr Radojewski2, Bernhard Siepen1
1Klinik für Neurologie, Inselspital Universitätsspital Bern.
Insights
Intracerebral hemorrhage, a significant cause of stroke, requires expert acute care and long-term management. Despite high mortality, many survivors achieve independence, highlighting the need for specialized neurovascular care.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Vascular Neurology
- Stroke Medicine
Background:
- Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) constitutes 10-15% of all strokes, affecting 1,500-2,000 Swiss patients annually.
- ICH is strongly linked to cerebral small vessel disease, accounting for approximately 80% of cases.
- Patients with ICH are considered high-risk vascular patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease.
Purpose of the Study:
- To outline optimal acute and long-term management strategies for intracerebral hemorrhage.
- To emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary care and specialized neurovascular management.
- To highlight the potential for functional independence despite high mortality rates.
Main Methods:
- Review of acute treatment protocols, including the ABC-care bundle (revert anticoagulation, control blood pressure, inform neurosurgeon).
- Discussion of long-term outpatient management considerations.
- Mention of ongoing randomized controlled trials for future treatment improvements.
Main Results:
- The ABC-care bundle is effective in decreasing poor outcomes in acute ICH.
- One-third of ICH patients achieve functional independence, challenging the perception of universal poor prognosis.
- Recurrent hemorrhage and ischemic stroke risks vary significantly among patients.
Conclusions:
- Optimal acute care by multidisciplinary teams at certified stroke units is crucial.
- Long-term management by neurovascular specialists is essential for blood pressure control, antithrombotic therapy, neurorehabilitation, and complication management.
- Despite the challenges, intracerebral hemorrhage patients can achieve significant functional independence with comprehensive, individualized care.
Abstract:
Intracerebral haemorrhage - acute event and chronic disease Abstract. Intracerebral hemorrhage accounts for 10-15% of all strokes and approximately 1'500-2'000 patients per year in Switzerland. Acute treatment by multi-disciplinary experts at certified stroke units and stroke centers is important to provide optimal care. A simple ABC-care bundle (revert anticoagulation, control blood pressure, inform neurosurgeon) decreases poor outcome. Despite a high mortality, one third of patients are functionally independent after intracerebral hemorrhage contradicting widespread pessimism. About 80% of all intracerebral hemorrhage are attributable to different types of cerebral small vessel disease. Relative and absolute risks of recurrent hemorrhage and ischemic stroke differ significantly. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage are vascular high-risk patients with chronic cerebrovascular disease. Long-term outpatient management should include neurovascular specialists to deal with important decisions (blood pressure management, antithrombotic therapy including anticoagulation, specialized neurorehabilitation to improve neurocognitive deficits, therapy of possible complications such as epilepsy) to provide optimal and individual care to patients. Currently ongoing randomized controlled trials will provide important results in the next years further improving treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage.
