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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase...
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Strain-Induced Quantum Phase Transitions in Magic-Angle Graphene.

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Small strain in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene induces a phase transition from an insulating state to a semimetal. This finding explains sample-dependent experimental results in twisted bilayer graphene research.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene exhibits complex electronic properties influenced by electron-electron interactions.
  • Understanding the phase diagram is crucial for its potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of uniaxial heterostrain on the phase diagram of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene.
  • To identify the critical strain values driving phase transitions.

Main Methods:

  • Self-consistent Hartree-Fock calculations.
  • Density-matrix renormalization group (DMRG) computations.

Main Results:

  • Small strain (0.1%-0.2%) induces a zero-temperature phase transition.
  • The transition occurs between a symmetry-broken "Kramers intervalley-coherent" insulator and a nematic semimetal.
  • Critical strain values align with experimentally observed ranges.

Conclusions:

  • Uniaxial heterostrain plays a significant role in the observed experimental phenomena.
  • Strain is a key factor contributing to sample-dependent variations in twisted bilayer graphene behavior.