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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

210.4K
Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

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In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
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Uniform Depth Channel Flow01:27

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

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Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Nonresonant Diffusion in Alpha Channeling.

Ian E Ochs1, Nathaniel J Fisch1

  • 1Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|July 23, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wave amplification by alpha particles in fusion reactors can extract them but may not drive rotation. A new theory shows nonresonant ion currents cancel alpha particle currents, preventing rotation but aiding fusion.

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Area of Science:

  • Plasma physics
  • Fusion energy research

Background:

  • Fusion reactors generate alpha particles.
  • Alpha particle gradients can drive waves.
  • Wave-particle interactions are key to fusion reactor operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate alpha particle channeling for fusion energy.
  • Determine if alpha particle currents can drive reactor rotation.
  • Analyze the impact of wave-particle interactions on fusion processes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a coupled linear-quasilinear theory.
  • Modeled time-growing waves with poloidal wave vectors.
  • Analyzed resonant and nonresonant ion currents.

Main Results:

  • Wave amplification extracts alpha particles.
  • Nonresonant ion currents cancel resonant alpha particle currents.
  • Rotation drive is prevented, but fusion is fueled.

Conclusions:

  • Alpha channeling does not drive rotation as previously suggested.
  • The interaction primarily fuels the fusion reaction.
  • Understanding these dynamics is crucial for fusion reactor design.