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Updated: Oct 27, 2025
Simultaneous Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation during Virtual Reality Exposure
Published on: January 18, 2021
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hydrocortisone augmentation of Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in
Amy Lehrner1, Tom Hildebrandt2, Linda M Bierer1
1Mental Health Patient Care Center, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Objective:
Cognitive behavioral therapies such as Prolonged Exposure (PE) are considered first line treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Nonetheless, many continue to experience significant symptoms following treatment and there is interest in enhancing treatment effectiveness. Glucocorticoid alterations in PTSD are well documented, and these steroids have been shown to enhance extinction learning.
Methods:
Augmentation of PE with the synthetic glucocorticoid hydrocortisone (HCORT) was tested in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 60 veterans of wars in Iraq or Afghanistan with PTSD (NCT01525680). Participants ingested 30 mg oral HCORT or placebo 30 min prior to exposure sessions.
Primary Outcome Measure:
PTSD severity assessed by the CAPS; secondary outcome measures: self reported PTSD symptoms assessed by the PDS and depression assessed by the BDI; all administered at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow up.
Results:
Across conditions, there was a robust effect of PE over time. An intent-to-treat analysis showed that HCORT did not measurably improve PTSD symptoms or secondary outcomes. However, exploratory analyses indicated that veterans with mild TBI exposure and current postconcussive symptoms showed a greater reduction in hyperarousal symptoms following PE treatment with HCORT augmentation. Additionally, veterans with higher baseline glucocorticoid sensitivity showed a greater reduction in avoidance symptoms with HCORT augmentation.
Conclusions:
Treatment matching based on cognitive or biological vulnerabilities might lead to greater efficacy of PE with glucocorticoid augmentation.
