Review of Rhinitis: Classification, Types, Pathophysiology.

Area of Science:

• Otolaryngology
• Allergology
• Immunology

Background:

• Rhinitis involves nasal inflammation and dysfunction, causing significant global morbidity and economic burden.
• It acts as a risk factor for conditions like sinusitis, asthma, and psychological impairment.
• Triggers include infections, allergies, irritants, medications, hormonal, and neural factors.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review allergic and non-allergic rhinitis types.
• To analyze pathophysiological mechanisms (endotypes) and clinical symptoms (phenotypes).
• To provide an overview of diagnostic approaches and treatment options.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of rhinitis classifications.
• Analysis of pathophysiological endotypes and clinical phenotypes.
• Synthesis of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

• Rhinitis classification into allergic, infectious, and non-allergic is an oversimplification.
• Overlapping phenotypes and diverse endotypes complicate diagnosis and treatment.
• A comprehensive understanding of rhinitis subtypes is crucial.

Conclusions:

• Rhinitis presents complex phenotypes and endotypes, necessitating tailored diagnostic and treatment strategies.
• Further research is needed to refine rhinitis classification and management.
• This review provides a foundation for understanding rhinitis diversity.