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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Multiple Access-Enabled Relaying with Piece-Wise and Forward NOMA: Rate Optimization under Reliability Constraints.

Farnaz Khodakhah1, Aamir Mahmood1, Patrik Österberg1

  • 1Department of Information Systems and Technology, Mid Sweden University, 851 70 Sundsvall, Sweden.

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Summary

This study introduces a novel Piece-wise and Forward (PF) relay protocol for Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks, enhancing performance by combining decode-and-forward and amplify-and-forward strategies. The proposed PF-NOMA significantly outperforms existing methods in achievable rates and relay placement.

Keywords:
NOMAQoScooperative communicationpiece-wise and forward (PF)rate optimizationrelaying protocols

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication Networks
  • Internet of Things (IoT)
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • The proliferation of IoT devices necessitates advanced communication solutions for coexisting systems.
  • Integrating cooperative relaying, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and spectrum sharing presents design complexities.
  • Existing relaying protocols like Decode-and-Forward (DF) and Amplify-and-Forward (AF) have limitations under varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and analyze a novel Piece-wise and Forward (PF) relay protocol for secondary systems in IoT networks.
  • To enable secondary systems to cooperatively relay primary user data while simultaneously transmitting their own data using NOMA.
  • To optimize the PF-NOMA protocol for maximizing secondary system rates under reliability constraints for both primary and secondary links.

Main Methods:

  • A novel Piece-wise and Forward (PF) relay protocol is introduced, adapting its behavior based on the received primary signal strength.
  • The PF protocol combines Decode-and-Forward (DF) and Amplify-and-Forward (AF) strategies based on adaptive thresholds determined by the transmitter-relay channel condition.
  • An optimization problem is formulated to determine the optimal time and power fractions for the PF-NOMA protocol to maximize the secondary rate.

Main Results:

  • The PF-NOMA protocol demonstrates superior performance compared to DF-NOMA and AF-NOMA in terms of achievable rate regions.
  • The proposed PF protocol effectively leverages the strengths of both DF and AF relaying schemes.
  • Simulation results confirm that PF-NOMA achieves better rate-guaranteed relay locations.

Conclusions:

  • The PF-NOMA protocol offers a significant advancement in relaying techniques for coexisting IoT systems.
  • Adaptive relaying strategies, like PF, are crucial for optimizing performance under dynamic channel conditions.
  • The proposed PF-NOMA scheme provides a robust solution for enhancing throughput and reliability in complex IoT environments.