Tourette syndrome in children: An update

Area of Science:

• Neurology
• Neuroscience
• Genetics

Background:

• Tourette syndrome (TS) presents with tics and frequently co-occurs with other neuropsychological conditions.
• These conditions lead to academic, social, emotional, physical, and functional impairments.

Purpose of the Study:

• To offer clinicians updated insights into Tourette syndrome (TS).
• This review covers phenomenology, epidemiology, comorbidities, pathophysiology, and management of tics and TS.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent findings on Tourette syndrome (TS).
• Synthesis of information on genetic and environmental factors.
• Overview of current and investigational treatment strategies.

Main Results:

• Emerging evidence suggests TS results from combined genetic and environmental influences.
• The cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit and neurotransmitter systems are implicated.
• Behavioral therapy and psychoeducation are primary management strategies.

Conclusions:

• First-line TS management involves psychoeducation and behavioral therapy.
• Advancements in non-pharmacological tic treatments are expanding access.
• Pharmacotherapy and novel agents are under investigation for severe cases.