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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
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Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction01:22

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Mitral Valve Stenosis (MVS) is a heart condition where the mitral valve narrows, impeding blood circulation from the left atrium to the left ventricle. The etiology and pathophysiology of this condition are multifaceted, leading to a cascade of cardiovascular complications.Causes of Mitral Valve StenosisRheumatic Heart Disease: It is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis, particularly in developing nations. This condition arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory illness resulting from...
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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
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The Left Pneumonectomy Combined with Monocrotaline or Sugen as a Model of Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats
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Multiple strokes due to pulmonary arteriovenous malformation.

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|July 26, 2021
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Summary

Recurrent strokes can occur with absent left internal carotid artery and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs). Embolotherapy effectively treats PAVMs, significantly reducing stroke risk.

Keywords:
Congenital absence of internal carotid arteryExtracardiac left to right shuntPulmonary arteriovenous malformationRecurrent stroke

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Neurology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) create abnormal connections between pulmonary arteries and veins.
  • These shunts cause extracardiac right-to-left blood flow, increasing stroke risk via paradoxical embolization.
  • PAVMs are frequently hereditary and associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias (HHT).

Observation:

  • A patient presented with recurrent strokes.
  • The patient had an absent left internal carotid artery (ICA).
  • Transthoracic echocardiogram with bubble study revealed delayed bubbles in the left ventricle, suggesting PAVMs.

Findings:

  • Computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest confirmed the diagnosis of PAVMs.
  • The patient's condition involved both an absent left ICA and PAVMs.
  • Percutaneous embolotherapy was identified as the primary treatment.

Implications:

  • Early detection of PAVMs is crucial for stroke prevention.
  • Echocardiogram with bubble study can be an initial diagnostic clue for PAVMs.
  • Percutaneous embolotherapy offers a successful treatment option, reducing stroke risk in patients with PAVMs.