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Updated: Jul 6, 2026

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
Published on: October 5, 2015
Recurrent Tuberculosis Disease in Singapore.
Suay Hong Gan1, Kyi Win KhinMar2, Li Wei Ang2
1Tuberculosis Control Unit, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
Recurrent tuberculosis (TB) is often due to relapse, particularly in older males with both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. Concomitant TB significantly increases the risk of relapse, underscoring its importance in TB management.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology
- Molecular Biology
Background:
- Recurrent tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a significant portion of incident TB cases globally and in Singapore.
- Molecular fingerprinting is crucial for distinguishing between TB relapse and reinfection.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate factors associated with recurrent TB disease in Singapore.
- To differentiate between relapse and reinfection as causes of recurrent TB.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective, case-control study design.
- Utilized national TB registry and TB Control Unit data.
- Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed.
Main Results:
- Recurrent TB associated with age ≥60, male sex, and concomitant pulmonary/extrapulmonary TB.
- Non-Malay ethnicity was associated with lower risk of recurrent TB.
- Relapse was strongly linked to concomitant TB and positive sputum smears.
Conclusions:
- Relapse and reinfection account for 57% and 43% of recurrent TB in Singapore, respectively.
- Concomitant pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB is a key risk factor for TB relapse.
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