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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Cognitive processes that indirectly affect olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.

Attakias T Mertens1, Jonathan B Santo1, Katerina Markopoulou2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States of America.

Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
|July 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive impairments, specifically verbal learning/memory and visuospatial/executive function deficits, are linked to reduced olfactory function in Parkinson's disease patients. These cognitive factors may influence olfactory test results.

Keywords:
CognitionDecision makingMemoryOlfactionParkinson's diseaseStructural equation modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Early Parkinson's disease (PD) diagnosis is challenging due to a long prodromal phase and variable motor symptoms.
  • Olfactory dysfunction is an early, non-motor symptom of PD, but its causes are not fully understood.
  • Understanding the link between cognition and olfaction in PD is crucial for early diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between cognitive function and olfactory test performance in individuals with and without Parkinson's disease.
  • To identify specific cognitive domains that influence olfactory function in the context of PD.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 1280 participants in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) cohort.
  • Correlation analyses, ANOVA, and regression models assessed relationships between cognitive tests (MoCA, HVLT) and olfactory tests (U-PENN Smell Identification Test).
  • Structural equation modeling identified cognitive measures with indirect effects on olfactory function.

Main Results:

  • Global cognition, verbal learning/memory, and visuospatial/executive function showed significant associations with olfactory test scores.
  • These associations were stronger in symptomatic PD subjects, particularly those with LRRK2, GBA, or SNCA mutations.
  • Verbal learning/memory and visuospatial/executive function significantly predicted olfactory test performance, especially in genetic PD categories.

Conclusions:

  • Impaired verbal learning/memory and visuospatial/executive function contribute to reduced olfactory test performance in Parkinson's disease.
  • These cognitive deficits may indirectly impact olfactory assessment outcomes in PD patients.
  • Decision-making processes, influenced by these cognitive domains, could affect olfactory test results.