Repetitive drug releases from light-activatable micron-sized liposomes

In this work, a novel light activatable micron-sized liposomal drug carrier that has a unique capability to release drug repetitively in proportion to the cycle number of short irradiation (5 s) of near-infrared (NIR) pulsed laser is reported. We synthesized methotrexate (MTX)-loaded liposomes based on a modified reverse-phase evaporation method. Gold nanorods (AuNR) were attached to the liposomal surfaces, enabling the liposomes to release drug under short NIR irradiation via the photothermal effect. The concentrations of methotrexate (MTX) released from the liposomes were 10.6, 29.8, 43.7 and 65.9 μg/mL after one, two, three or four NIR laser cycles (1.1 W at 1064 nm, 5 s per cycle), respectively. The current finding will provide possible solution to the previously reported inconsistency in drug release from light activatable liposomal drug carriers at each activation cycle. The repeatability of drug release described in this work is believed to be due to reversible nature of the liposomes. The liposomes release drug via lipid bilayer melting when irradiated by laser due to gold nanorods' plasmonic heat on the lipid bilayer surface and quickly regain their original structure once the laser source is removed. We provided evidence of the reversible liposomal structures by monitoring the change of number densities of liposomes using a microelectrode sensor with different laser irradiation durations and powers. We also assessed the micron-sized liposome with respect to long-term stability, drug encapsulation efficiency, and drug-releasing efficiency, demonstrating the possibility of utilizing these liposomes as long-term drug delivery vehicles for various drugs.