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Coronavirus

Coronavirus

Coronaviruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), are enveloped viruses characterized by their single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and helical nucleocapsid structure. The hallmark of these viruses is their club-shaped spike (S) glycoproteins that protrude from the viral envelope, facilitating attachment to host cells. Typically, coronaviruses infect the upper respiratory tract, often causing mild or asymptomatic disease. However, certain strains like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

Published on: April 9, 2021

SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmission: A validated sampling and analytical method.

Angelo Robotto¹, Andrea Civra², Paola Quaglino¹

¹Environmental Protection Agency of Piedmont (Arpa Piemonte), Via Pio VII 9, 10135, Torino, Italy.

Environmental Research

|July 29, 2021

Summary

Developing reliable methods to sample SARS-CoV-2 from air is crucial for understanding its transmission. This study optimized filter elution and concentration techniques, finding PTFE filters and fetal calf serum buffers effective for virus recovery.

Keywords:

Airborne transmission Bioaerosol Glass-fiber filter High-volume sampler PTFE filter SARS-CoV-2

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Quantification and Whole Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Air Samples

Quantification and Whole Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Air Samples

Published on: June 30, 2023

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Last Updated: Jul 26, 2026

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Quantification and Whole Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Air Samples

Quantification and Whole Genome Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Wastewater and Air Samples

Published on: June 30, 2023

Area of Science:

Environmental science
Virology
Analytical chemistry

Background:

Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is a significant concern for public health and facility management.
Reliable sampling and analytical methods are needed for virus-laden bioaerosols, meeting ISO/IEC 17025 standards.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate pretreatment methods for recovering SARS-CoV-2 from air samples collected on glass-fiber and PTFE filters.
To assess the efficiency of ultracentrifugation for concentrating virus particles.
To evaluate the impact of storage conditions on viral infectivity.

Main Methods:

Utilized human coronavirus OC43 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 to validate recovery steps.
Investigated elution efficiency using different buffer compositions, including fetal calf serum.
Compared recovery rates and required processing times for glass-fiber and PTFE filters.
Assessed the impact of sampling duration and flow rate on filter recovery efficiency.
Determined the recovery efficiency of ultracentrifugation.

Main Results:

Elution efficiency from glass-fiber and quartz filters was significantly enhanced with elution buffers containing up to 40% fetal calf serum.
PTFE filters demonstrated higher and easier recovery compared to glass-fiber filters, requiring less processing time.
Sampling duration and flow rate affected recovery efficiencies, with longer sampling times on PTFE filters leading to decreased recovery.
Ultracentrifugation achieved an approximate recovery efficiency of 57% for viral particles.
Field tests detected SARS-CoV-2 concentrations up to 50 genomic copies/m³ in poorly ventilated domestic environments and <10 genomic copies/m³ in hospital wards.

Conclusions:

Optimized elution and concentration methods improve SARS-CoV-2 recovery from air samples.
PTFE filters are recommended for efficient SARS-CoV-2 bioaerosol sampling.
The developed methods provide a foundation for reliable environmental monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 airborne presence.