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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
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Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation
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Ablation Therapy for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

Ikechukwu Ifedili1, Kristina Mouksian2, David Jones2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

Current Cardiology Reviews
|July 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) ablation, particularly Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI), is a key therapy. Challenges remain in persistent AF, including identifying non-pulmonary vein targets and ensuring durable lesions.

Keywords:
Atrial fibrillationablationcryoballoonleft atriumpulmonary vein isolationradiofrequency

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiac arrhythmia causing significant morbidity and mortality.
  • Cardiac ablation, especially Pulmonary Vein Isolation (PVI), is a primary treatment for symptomatic AF.
  • Persistent AF presents challenges in ablation therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of AF ablation.
  • To highlight challenges in treating persistent AF.
  • To discuss the identification of non-pulmonary vein targets and lesion durability.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of AF mechanisms.
  • Analysis of advancements in cardiac mapping and ablation technologies.
  • Discussion of therapeutic strategies for symptomatic AF, focusing on PVI.

Main Results:

  • PVI is the cornerstone of AF ablation.
  • Identifying non-pulmonary vein targets is crucial for persistent AF.
  • Achieving durable ablation lesions remains a significant challenge in persistent AF.

Conclusions:

  • While PVI is effective, persistent AF requires further investigation into additional ablation targets.
  • Improving lesion durability is essential for long-term success in AF ablation.
  • Continued advancements in technology and understanding are needed for optimal AF management.