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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

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Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
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Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

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Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

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Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Transfer Matrix Model of pH Effects in Polymeric Complex Coacervation.

Ashley R Knoerdel1, Whitney C Blocher McTigue2, Charles E Sing2

  • 1Program in Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.

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Complex coacervation, driven by oppositely charged polymers, is influenced by pH. This study shows pH affects polymer charge and can alter phase separation, especially in off-stoichiometric mixtures.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer science
  • Physical chemistry
  • Soft matter physics

Background:

  • Polymeric complex coacervation involves phase separation of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes.
  • Current research often overlooks the impact of pH on weak polyelectrolytes, unlike theoretical models assuming strong polyelectrolytes.
  • Understanding pH effects is crucial for controlling coacervation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of pH on polymeric complex coacervation.
  • To modify existing theories to incorporate acid-base equilibria and pH-dependent charging.
  • To explore how monomer charging affects coacervate phase behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Modification of transfer matrix theory to include acid-base equilibria.
  • Analysis of local ion correlations affecting monomer charging.
  • Theoretical modeling of polyelectrolyte solutions with pH-dependent charge.

Main Results:

  • Coacervation can stabilize the charge of weak polyelectrolytes.
  • pH-dependent charging leads to asymmetric phase diagrams and altered phase separation.
  • Salt partitioning into the coacervate phase can suppress phase separation.
  • Off-stoichiometric mixtures (in volume fraction) with charge stoichiometry show enhanced coacervation.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for understanding pH effects in complex coacervation.
  • Weak polyelectrolyte charge and behavior near pKa significantly impact coacervate phase formation.
  • Controlling charge stoichiometry and pH offers new avenues for tuning coacervation.