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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Calibrated Passive Sampling - Multi-plot Field Measurements of NH3 Emissions with a Combination of Dynamic Tube Method and Passive Samplers
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Characterizing ammonia emissions from water bodies using dynamic floating chambers.

Jianan Chen1, Weijun Li2, Peng Qiao3

  • 1Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, Shandong, China; Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment (ISFREE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, Shandong, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|July 30, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Ammonia (NH3) emissions from water bodies are significant, with rivers showing the highest fluxes. Rising global temperatures and worsening water quality will increase these emissions, challenging the view of water as a nitrogen sink.

Keywords:
AmmoniaEmission fluxFreshwaterMarine sourceOcean

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Ammonia (NH3) is a key atmospheric alkaline gas influencing pollution and the global nitrogen (N) cycle.
  • Water bodies are increasingly recognized as significant nitrogen sinks due to anthropogenic inputs and atmospheric deposition.
  • Understanding NH3 exchange between water and air is crucial for atmospheric and aquatic ecosystem management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify ammonia (NH3) emission fluxes from diverse water bodies, including freshwater and coastal systems.
  • To identify key environmental factors controlling NH3 emissions from aquatic environments.
  • To estimate global NH3 emissions from water bodies and project future trends.

Main Methods:

  • Deployment of floating dynamic flux chambers across various freshwater systems (rivers, reservoirs, ponds) and a coastal seawater system.
  • Measurement of NH3 emission fluxes at the water-air interface.
  • Statistical analysis to determine the correlation between NH3 fluxes and environmental parameters like ammonium content and water temperature.

Main Results:

  • Rivers exhibited significantly higher NH3 emission fluxes (26.4 μg NH3 m-2 h-1) compared to other freshwater systems.
  • Offshore seawater also showed unexpectedly high NH3 fluxes (3.9 μg NH3 m-2 h-1).
  • Ammonium concentration and water temperature were identified as the primary drivers of NH3 emissions from water bodies.

Conclusions:

  • Global NH3 emissions from water bodies are substantial (8.88 TgN a-1) and projected to rise with global warming and deteriorating water quality.
  • Eutrophic water bodies impacted by human activities function more as nitrogen reservoirs than permanent sinks.
  • Re-evaluation of water bodies' role in the global nitrogen cycle is necessary, considering their potential as NH3 sources.