Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
Published on: September 27, 2020
Assessment of preceptor understanding and use of levels of entrustment
Jeanne E Frenzel1, Lisa M Richter1, Allison N Hursman1
1College of Health Professions, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States.
Introduction:
This study determined the need to calibrate preceptors' use of levels of entrustment (LOE) in the evaluation of students performing entrustable professional activities (EPAs).
Methods:
Two introductory and four advanced pharmacy practice experience-focused cases were developed which described a fictional student, a practice site, and timing of a rotation. The cases included EPA-based tasks assigned to the student. Participants were to assign a LOE to the student for each EPA-based task.
Results:
Sixty of 317 preceptors participated in the study. Statistically significant differences in mean assigned LOE were found between preceptors by age (P < .05); between preceptors with differences in residency training (P < .05); and between preceptors who spent differing amounts of time with experiential students daily (P < .05).
Conclusions:
Differences in assigned LOE were found based upon preceptor age, completion of a residency, and daily hours spent with experiential students. However, these differences did not result in changes to whether the student would pass or fail the rotation. Findings suggest that preceptors are consistent in assigning LOE to EPA-based tasks performed by students. In addition, preceptor development programming appears to be effective in establishing a standardized understanding of LOE among preceptors.
Related Concept Videos
Obedience
Accountability and Responsibility of a Nurse II
For example, a nurse demonstrating respect and compassion might listen attentively to a patient's concerns, provide...
Levels of Communication I: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Small Group
We can participate in these relationships through verbal, nonverbal, and mediated communication. We engage in verbal communication when we use words during our interaction to convey specific meanings. On the other hand, nonverbal communication refers to various factors that can impact how we understand each other—for example, facial expressions.
We interact with others using mediated technologies like the...
Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching III: Evaluation and Documentation
Nurses can use several methods to evaluate patient outcomes. For example, oral questions can assess cognitive learning,...
Social Loafing
Social Exchange Theory

