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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

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Updated: Oct 26, 2025

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

Published on: July 21, 2018

Wavelength conversion through plasmon-coupled surface states.

Deniz Turan¹, Ping Keng Lu¹, Nezih T Yardimci¹

¹Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Nature Communications

|July 31, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Surface states can enable passive wavelength conversion by harnessing their giant electric field. This method efficiently converts optical pulses to the terahertz regime, outperforming nonlinear optical techniques.

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Area of Science:

Semiconductor physics
Plasmonics
Optoelectronics

Background:

Surface states typically degrade semiconductor device performance.
They increase charge injection barriers, introduce trap states, and cause leakage currents.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate passive wavelength conversion using surface states.
To harness the giant built-in electric field generated by surface states.

Main Methods:

Coupling photo-excited surface plasmons to surface states to generate an electron gas.
Routing the electron gas via the electric field to a nanoantenna array.
Generating radiation at beat frequencies from induced currents on nanoantennas.

Main Results:

Demonstrated passive wavelength conversion of optical pulses to the terahertz regime.
Achieved efficiencies exceeding nonlinear optical methods by four orders of magnitude.
Utilized plasmon-coupled surface states for efficient frequency mixing.

Conclusions:

Surface states can be utilized for efficient passive wavelength conversion.
This approach offers a novel method for generating terahertz radiation.
The giant electric field of surface states is key to this phenomenon.