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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

123.5K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.8K
Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

22.5K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Conversion-Alloying Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries.

Libin Fang1, Naoufal Bahlawane2, Wenping Sun1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|July 31, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High-performance anode materials are crucial for advancing sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). This review details sodium-storage mechanisms in conversion-alloying anodes, addressing challenges and offering strategies for commercialization.

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anodesconversion-alloying reactionshigh capacitiessodium ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are gaining interest for large-scale energy storage due to abundant sodium resources.
  • High-performance anode materials are essential for SIB commercialization.
  • Conversion-alloying anode materials offer high theoretical capacities and low working voltages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the current understanding of sodium-storage mechanisms in conversion-alloying anode materials.
  • To discuss challenges and improvement strategies for these anodes in SIBs.
  • To provide a roadmap for developing advanced conversion-alloying materials for commercial SIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing research on conversion-alloying anode materials for SIBs.
  • Discussion of electrochemical behavior and sodium-storage mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current understanding and future perspectives.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of sodium storage mechanisms in conversion-alloying anodes.
  • Identification of key challenges hindering material performance and SIB commercialization.
  • Elucidation of strategies to overcome these challenges, linked to electrochemical outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Conversion-alloying anodes are promising for SIBs but require further development.
  • Understanding storage mechanisms and addressing challenges are critical for progress.
  • A clear roadmap is proposed for advancing these materials towards commercial viability.