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Related Concept Videos

Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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RNA Splicing01:32

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...
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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Using RNA-sequencing to Detect Novel Splice Variants Related to Drug Resistance in In Vitro Cancer Models
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Reverse complementary matches simultaneously promote both back-splicing and exon-skipping.

Dong Cao1

  • 1Information Processing Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna, Kunigami, 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan. dong.cao@oist.jp.

BMC Genomics
|August 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists identified novel circular RNAs (circRNAs) in C. elegans neurons, revealing that reverse complementary match sequences are crucial for both circRNA formation and exon skipping. This discovery offers a new mechanism linking these two RNA processing events.

Keywords:
Back-splicingCircular RNAExon-skippingFACSreverse complementary matches

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are tissue-specific molecules with vital roles, particularly abundant in brain tissues.
  • While circRNAs exist in C. elegans, neuron-specific data and formation mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Exon-skipping is linked to circRNA generation, but the underlying molecular link is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize neuron-specific circRNAs in C. elegans.
  • To elucidate the role of reverse complementary match (RCM) sequences in circRNA biogenesis.
  • To investigate the relationship between exon-skipping and circRNA formation.

Main Methods:

  • Large-scale isolation of neurons from C. elegans L1 larvae.
  • RNA sequencing with ribosomal RNA depletion.
  • In vivo mutagenesis of splicing sites and branch points.
  • Analysis of reverse complementary match (RCM) sequence disruption.

Main Results:

  • Hundreds of novel circRNAs were identified in C. elegans neurons with high accuracy.
  • Neuronal circRNAs positively correlated with their cognate linear mRNA levels.
  • Disrupting RCM sequences in flanking introns abolished circRNA formation and affected exon skipping.
  • RCMs were found to be conserved and essential for both back-splicing and exon skipping.

Conclusions:

  • Optimized protocols increased neuronal RNA yield for comprehensive analysis.
  • Highly expressed neuronal circRNAs likely originate from highly expressed neuronal genes.
  • RCMs in introns are critical regulators, directly promoting both exon skipping and back-splicing, explaining their correlation.