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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

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Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
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Peptic Ulcer Disease I: Introduction01:30

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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) is characterized by mucosal excavation in the esophagus, stomach, pylorus, or duodenum. It can manifest as acute or chronic based on the extent and duration of mucosal involvement.
An acute ulcer, marked by superficial erosion and minimal inflammation, swiftly resolves upon identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In contrast, a chronic ulcer persists, potentially eroding through the muscular wall and forming fibrous tissue.
Peptic ulcers can also be...
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Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Blood Transfusion and Agglutination02:45

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

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Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Massive Pontine Hemorrhage by Dual Injection of Autologous Blood
06:33

Massive Pontine Hemorrhage by Dual Injection of Autologous Blood

Published on: May 29, 2021

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Omphalic Bleed.

Nagarajan Raj Kumar1, Muhamed Tajudeen1

  • 1Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND.

Cureus
|August 4, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Umbilical varices bleeding, a rare complication of portal hypertension, was successfully treated with sclerotherapy. This case highlights a novel approach to managing ectopic variceal hemorrhage.

Keywords:
omphalic bleedsclerosant injectionsurgical emergency scenariossuture ligationumbilical varices

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Vascular Surgery

Background:

  • Portosystemic collateralization is a common adaptation in portal hypertension.
  • Hemorrhage from ectopic varices, such as umbilical varices, is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication.

Observation:

  • A 55-year-old male presented with hypovolemic shock due to umbilical bleeding.
  • Imaging revealed liver cirrhosis, portal vein thrombosis, and extensive portosystemic collaterals, including recanalized umbilical vein.

Findings:

  • The source of bleeding was identified as an umbilical collateral arising from the superior mesenteric vein.
  • Successful hemostasis was achieved via Doppler-guided injection of a sclerosant into the bleeding collateral.

Implications:

  • This case demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of targeted sclerotherapy for umbilical variceal bleeding.
  • Endovascular management offers a minimally invasive option for controlling ectopic variceal hemorrhage in cirrhotic patients.