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Related Concept Videos

Direct Motor Pathways01:11

Direct Motor Pathways

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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Evaluation of Hemisphere Lateralization with Bilateral Local Field Potential Recording in Secondary Motor Cortex of Mice
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Interhemispheric Cortico-Cortical Pathway for Sequential Bimanual Movements in Mice.

Minju Jeong1,2, Hyeonsu Lee3, Youngsoo Kim1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.

Eneuro
|August 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Mice coordinate sequential limb movements by transferring motor signals between brain hemispheres. This study reveals corticocortical pathways are key for bimanual coordination during sequential tasks.

Keywords:
cortico-cortical pathwayinterhemispheric projectionsequential bimanual movements

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Limb coordination is essential for adaptive behaviors.
  • Neural control of sequential bimanual movements remains poorly understood.
  • Motor cortex hemispheres control different limbs, but interhemispheric communication for sequencing is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying sequential bimanual movement coordination.
  • To identify how motor cortical hemispheres interact during sequential forelimb tasks.
  • To elucidate the role of corticocortical pathways in bimanual sequencing.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel head-fixed bimanual-press (biPress) sequence task in mice.
  • Utilized projection-specific calcium imaging to monitor neural activity.
  • Employed optogenetic manipulation to perturb corticocortical pathways.

Main Results:

  • Motor cortical neurons for the first press (1P) generate independent signals for the second press (2P) by the opposite forelimb.
  • Motor signals are transferred between motor cortical hemispheres during movement transitions.
  • Corticocortical projections facilitate the transfer of motor commands between hemispheres.

Conclusions:

  • Motor cortices coordinate sequential bimanual movements via corticocortical pathways.
  • Interhemispheric communication in the motor cortex is crucial for precise limb sequencing.
  • The biPress task provides a valuable model for studying neural control of bimanual coordination.