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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Structure of Amines01:19

Structure of Amines

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The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’...
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Preparation of Acid Anhydrides01:07

Preparation of Acid Anhydrides

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One of the methods for preparing symmetrical or unsymmetrical acid anhydrides involves the treatment of acid chlorides with the sodium salt of carboxylic acids. The reaction proceeds via a nucleophilic acyl substitution.
The carboxylate ion acts as a nucleophile that attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Subsequently, the re-formation of the carbonyl group with the loss of the chloride ion as a leaving group leads to the formation of an acid...
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Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

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Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water
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Squaramide-Based Self-Associating Amphiphiles for Anion Recognition.

Lokesh K Kumawat1, Conor Wynne1,2, Emanuele Cappello3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.

Chempluschem
|August 5, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Two novel squaramide-based self-assembled amphiphiles (SSAs) were synthesized and characterized. SQS-1 and SQS-2 show self-assembly and anion recognition, with SQS-1 providing a visible colorimetric response to phosphate ions.

Keywords:
anion recognitioncolorimetric sensorsself-assemblysquaramidessupramolecular chemistry

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Squaramide derivatives are known for their anion recognition capabilities.
  • Self-assembled amphiphiles (SSAs) offer unique properties for molecular recognition and material formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize two novel squaramide-based self-assembled amphiphiles (SSAs), SQS-1 and SQS-2.
  • To investigate their self-assembly behavior and anion recognition properties.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and full characterization of SQS-1 and SQS-2.
  • Investigation of self-assembly using various physical techniques.
  • Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) for morphology analysis.
  • Anion recognition studies using 1H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy in DMSO.
  • Evaluation of binding affinities and competitive solvent effects.

Main Results:

  • Both SQS-1 and SQS-2 are fully soluble and undergo self-assembly into nanoscale crystalline domains and fibrillar films.
  • Both compounds exhibit anion recognition in DMSO, though with lower binding affinities compared to other squaramide receptors.
  • SQS-1 displays a visible colorimetric response to hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-) in competitive solvent mixtures.

Conclusions:

  • The novel SSAs SQS-1 and SQS-2 demonstrate versatile self-assembly and anion binding capabilities.
  • The observed colorimetric response of SQS-1 to HPO4^2- is attributed to its basicity relative to other anions.
  • These findings contribute to the development of new materials for sensing applications.