SARS-CoV-2 in animals: From potential hosts to animal models

Area of Science:

• Veterinary Virology
• Zoonotic Diseases
• Comparative Pathology

Background:

• The rapid global spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights its zoonotic potential.
• Understanding the animal host range is crucial for managing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and preventing potential animal reservoirs.
• The precise origin and intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2 remain under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and update knowledge on animal species susceptible or resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• To assess the risk of various animal species acting as reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.
• To provide a semi-quantitative classification of animal species' susceptibility.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of experimental infections and field monitoring studies.
• Development of a scoring system based on viral detection, seroconversion, clinical signs, and transmission.
• Semi-quantitative classification of susceptibility across diverse animal species.

Main Results:

• Major livestock (pigs, cattle, poultry) exhibit resistance to SARS-CoV-2.
• Companion animals show moderate susceptibility.
• Research models (Cricetidae, non-human primates) and American mink (Neovison vison) are highly susceptible.
• Natural infections in mink farms have led to significant epidemics.

Conclusions:

• The host tropism of SARS-CoV-2 varies significantly across animal species.
• Certain animal species, particularly mink and research models, pose a higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission and potential reservoir establishment.
• Continued monitoring of animal populations is essential for pandemic preparedness.