The fronto-central N2 but not parietal P3 reflects response inhibition in the count/no-count task

This study aimed to investigate whether the N2 or P3 component in the count/no-count task reflects response inhibition. The participants were asked to count/withhold counting the number of O/X letters in the count/no-count task, and to calculate the sum of all digits (i.e., 1/0) in the digital accumulation task. Therefore, four conditions were obtained in this study: count, no-count, Add 1, and Add 0. In the count and Add 1 conditions, the counting/calculation number need to be updated. In both no-count and Add 0 conditions, the memory of counting/calculation number need not to be updated; a No-go (withhold) instruction was given in the no-count condition, but a Go instruction was given in the Add 0 condition. Results showed that an enhanced fronto-central N2 was evoked in the no-count than in the Add 0 condition, indicating that a stronger response conflict or stronger inhibition might be triggered in the No-count condition. The frontocentral P3 showed no differences between no-count and Add 0 conditions, however, an enhanced centro-parietal P3 component was observed for the count relative to the no-count condition and for the Add 1 relative to the Add 0 condition, indicating that a greater amount of attentional resources might be consumed during memory updating process. Taken together, in the count/no-count task, the fronto-central N2 might reflect response inhibition or conflict and the parietal P3 might reflect attentional resource allocation but not response inhibition.