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Related Concept Videos

Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language Development01:22

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Shabd: A psycholinguistic database for Hindi.

Ark Verma1, Vivek Sikarwar2, Himanshu Yadav3

  • 1Department of Cognitive Science, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India. arkverma@iitk.ac.in.

Behavior Research Methods
|August 6, 2021
PubMed
Summary

We introduce Shabd, a new Hindi psycholinguistic database derived from 1.4 billion words. This resource offers valuable word frequency and part-of-speech data, outperforming older datasets for linguistic research.

Keywords:
AksharaContextual diversityCorpusDevangariHindiLexical decisionVisual word recognitionWord frequency

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Lexicography

Background:

  • Developing comprehensive psycholinguistic resources is crucial for understanding language processing.
  • Existing Hindi language datasets have limitations in size and scope.
  • Large-scale corpora are essential for accurate word frequency estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create Shabd, a large-scale psycholinguistic database for Hindi.
  • To provide reliable word frequency and part-of-speech data for Hindi words.
  • To make these resources freely available for the research community.

Main Methods:

  • Compilation of a 1.4 billion-word corpus from electronic newspapers and news websites.
  • Derivation of word frequencies and part-of-speech information.
  • Validation of word frequency measures using two lexical decision tasks.

Main Results:

  • Shabd database includes cleaned lists of 34,000 hand-selected words and 96,000 words with frequency > 100.
  • A list of 2.3 million word types and 2.5 million word bigrams is also provided.
  • Shabd frequencies outperform existing Hindi newspaper-based frequencies but not blog-based frequencies (Worldlex).
  • Word frequency and contextual diversity explain similar amounts of variance in lexical tasks.

Conclusions:

  • The Shabd database offers a valuable and extensive resource for Hindi psycholinguistic research.
  • The findings highlight the importance of large corpora for accurate psycholinguistic data.
  • Shabd's freely available nature will facilitate further research in Hindi language processing.