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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses

Published on: November 10, 2023

Why are there so few (or so many) circulating coronaviruses?

Benjamin L Rice¹, Daniel C Douek², Adrian B McDermott²

¹Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Trends in Immunology

|August 9, 2021

Summary

Few coronaviruses establish in humans despite diverse hosts and spillover events. This study explores barriers to endemic establishment, considering pathogen biology and host immunity for future spillover research.

Keywords:

antigenic space cross-reactivity landscape of immunity viral ecology

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Published on: September 22, 2023

Area of Science:

Virology
Epidemiology
Immunology

Background:

Coronaviruses exhibit broad host diversity and frequent spillover events.
However, only a limited number of coronaviruses have become endemic in human populations, indicating significant establishment barriers.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore hypotheses explaining the low prevalence of endemic coronaviruses in humans.
To identify factors influencing viral persistence and potential for future spillover events.

Main Methods:

Review and assessment of existing hypotheses regarding coronavirus establishment.
Analysis of factors including ascertainment bias, spillover opportunities, human demographics, pathogen characteristics, and pre-existing immunity.

Main Results:

Several factors may limit coronavirus establishment: ascertainment issues, historical spillover limitations, demographic shifts, viral traits, and cross-protective immunity.
Successful viral establishment requires a balance between transmission, virulence, and host immune response.

Conclusions:

Understanding the interplay of pathogen biology and host factors is crucial for predicting coronavirus spillover.
Further research into these limiting factors can guide efforts to anticipate and mitigate future viral emergence.