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Related Concept Videos

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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During early development, the embryo forms two types of connective tissues— the mesenchyme and mucoid connective tissue.
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Updated: Oct 25, 2025

Fabrication of Extracellular Matrix-derived Foams and Microcarriers as Tissue-specific Cell Culture and Delivery Platforms
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Embryonic Tissues as Active Foams.

Sangwoo Kim1, Marie Pochitaloff1, Georgina A Stooke-Vaughan1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.

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|August 9, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic tissue fluidization is controlled by cell-cell contact tension dynamics. Stochastic tension fluctuations drive cell rearrangements, leading to tissue fluidization during development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics
  • Cellular dynamics

Background:

  • Embryonic tissue physical states arise from complex cell interactions.
  • Cellular jamming, rigidity transitions, and glassy dynamics are observed, but mechanisms of tissue fluidization remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms controlling embryonic tissue fluidization.
  • To understand the role of cell-cell contact tensions in regulating tissue physical states.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational framework integrating cell behavior, extracellular spaces, cell shape, and cortical tension dynamics.
  • Combined computational modeling with experimental measurements of strain, stress relaxation, and cell rearrangement dynamics in zebrafish tissues.

Main Results:

  • Tissue fluidization in zebrafish is governed by stochastic dynamics of tensions at cell-cell contacts.
  • Predicted and observed maximal tissue rigidity at the transition between confluent and non-confluent states.
  • Demonstrated that actively generated tension fluctuations drive cell rearrangements and tissue fluidization.

Conclusions:

  • Non-equilibrium tension dynamics play a crucial role in embryonic developmental processes.
  • Stochastic tension fluctuations at cell-cell contacts are key regulators of tissue physical state and fluidization.