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Related Concept Videos

pH Scale02:41

pH Scale

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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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Calculating pH Changes in a Buffer Solution02:45

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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Determining the pH of Salt Solutions04:08

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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than...
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Amperometry: Overview01:10

Amperometry: Overview

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Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...
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Potentiometry: Overview01:06

Potentiometry: Overview

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Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as...
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Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH01:10

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For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
In solutions of very low ionic strength—for example, pure water—the...
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Comprehensive Analytical Modelling of an Absolute pH Sensor.

Cristina Medina-Bailon1, Naveen Kumar1, Rakshita Pritam Singh Dhar1

  • 1Device Modelling Group, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an analytical model for absolute pH sensors, analyzing oxide degradation and proposing a dual capacitance method for accurate ion activity measurement. Hafnium dioxide shows improved stability over silicon dioxide.

Keywords:
analytical modeldepletion widthnano-biosensoroxide degradationpH sensor modelling and simulations

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Oxide degradation impacts pH sensor performance.
  • Measuring absolute ion activity remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an analytical model for absolute pH sensing.
  • To investigate oxide degradation effects on sensor performance.
  • To propose a method for absolute pH determination.

Main Methods:

  • Derived analytical equations.
  • Implemented numerical experiments in MATLAB.
  • Utilized a dual capacitance system.

Main Results:

  • Depletion width is pH-dependent.
  • Hafnium dioxide exhibits smaller depletion width variations than silicon dioxide.
  • A dual capacitance system can unequivocally determine acidity.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed model and dual capacitance method enable absolute pH sensing.
  • Hafnium dioxide offers superior stability against degradation compared to silicon dioxide.