Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

13.3K
According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
13.3K
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

11.6K
While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
11.6K
Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

252
Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
252
Correspondence Bias01:17

Correspondence Bias

36
Correspondence bias, also referred to as the fundamental attribution error, describes the tendency to attribute another person’s behavior to internal characteristics rather than situational influences. This cognitive bias leads individuals to overlook external factors that may be influencing actions, thereby fostering potentially inaccurate assessments of others’ intentions and dispositions.Empirical Evidence for Correspondence BiasResearch has consistently demonstrated the...
36
Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

101
Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus:...
101
Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory01:15

Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory

79
Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
79

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reverse engineering of motor unit discharge in multiple sclerosis reveals heterogeneity of voluntary motor commands.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Insurance Status and Quality of Care in Infective Endocarditis: A National Analysis of Disparities in Length of Stay, Discharge, and Mortality.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

It's subjective! Effects of perceptions of success and objective outcomes on feedback-related brain activity in a motor learning paradigm.

Biological psychology·2026
Same author

Clinical Presentation, Etiology, and Outcomes of HIV-Associated Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports.

Viruses·2026
Same author

Translingual neural stimulation to improve gait and balance in multiple sclerosis: A randomized controlled trial.

Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Multi-Frequency Electrocochleography Results in Fewer Drop Alarms During Cochlear Implant Insertion.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same journal

Dissociating variability from error-based processes in observational learning.

Human movement science·2026
Same journal

Associations between movement behaviors, sleep, and screen time exposure in middle childhood using multivariable modelling.

Human movement science·2026
Same journal

The interaction of biomechanical demands and the speed-accuracy trade-off for the control of multi-directional, three-dimensional targeted reaching movements.

Human movement science·2026
Same journal

Think positive, perform better: The detrimental effect of technical motor imagery before action.

Human movement science·2026
Same journal

Shoulder-elbow coordination in the transverse plane during badminton forehand drive depending on training status using vector coding analysis.

Human movement science·2026
Same journal

Delayed reaction time and altered spatial activation of Fibularis longus in chronic ankle instability: A high-density surface electromyography study.

Human movement science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

13.8K

Using error-estimation to probe the psychological processes underlying contextual interference effects.

Joseph L Thomas1, Bradley Fawver2, Sarah Taylor1

  • 1Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.

Human Movement Science
|August 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Random practice schedules improved long-term learning and skill transfer compared to blocked schedules, despite initial performance dips. Error estimation increased perceived effort but did not significantly enhance learning outcomes in this timing task study.

Keywords:
Contextual interferencePractice schedulingSkill acquisitionTiming

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.5K
Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 25, 2025

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions
10:38

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Published on: July 16, 2015

13.8K
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.5K
Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Motor Learning
  • Educational Psychology

Background:

  • Interleaved practice schedules generally enhance learning more than blocked schedules, but the underlying cognitive mechanisms remain unclear.
  • Random practice is theorized to increase task-related information processing by requiring frequent switching between task variations.
  • Error estimation during practice offers a method to probe and potentially manipulate contextual interference, providing insights into self-awareness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of interleaved practice by examining the role of error estimation in conjunction with practice schedules.
  • To determine if error estimation moderates the contextual interference effect in a timing task.
  • To assess the impact of blocked versus random practice schedules, with and without error estimation, on acquisition, retention, and transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Eighty-four participants were randomly assigned to four groups, practicing a timing task under blocked or random schedules, with or without pre-feedback error estimation.
  • Acquisition involved practicing three target times (1500, 1700, 1900 ms) with immediate feedback.
  • Delayed post-tests (24 hours) evaluated retention of trained times and transfer to new target times (1600, 1800 ms).

Main Results:

  • Random practice led to worse performance during acquisition but significantly reduced errors in retention and transfer tests compared to blocked practice.
  • Error estimation increased self-reported mental effort but did not reliably improve learning outcomes or accuracy compared to no error estimation.
  • The accuracy of error estimations improved over acquisition but did not differ based on practice structure.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms the robustness of the contextual interference effect, demonstrating that random practice enhances long-term retention and transfer.
  • Error estimation, while increasing perceived effort, did not act as a significant moderator of learning benefits in this specific timing task.
  • The subtle differences between task parameters may have contributed to the observed contextual interference effect, even when switching variations of the same task.