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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Ankle Joint01:10

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
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The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 25, 2025

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability
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Ankle fractures in children.

Benjamín Cancino1, Matías Sepúlveda1,2, Estefanía Birrer2,1

  • 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.

EFORT Open Reviews
|August 11, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Ankle fractures in children require special attention due to growth plate involvement. Transitional fractures, occurring during skeletal maturation, often present complex patterns needing advanced imaging and tailored treatment for optimal outcomes.

Keywords:
Salter–Harris fractures of the tibiapaediatric anklephyseal ankle fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Traumatology
  • Pediatric Radiology

Background:

  • Ankle fractures are common in children, with unique implications due to the physis (growth plate) and biomechanical properties.
  • Fracture patterns vary with skeletal development and age, particularly in transitional fractures with partial physeal closure.
  • Transitional fractures in children nearing skeletal maturity can exhibit complex, multiplanar fracture patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the specific characteristics and management of ankle fractures in pediatric patients.
  • To highlight the importance of imaging and surgical planning for optimal functional outcomes.
  • To outline therapeutic goals focusing on axis alignment, joint integrity, and physeal protection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of characteristic fracture patterns in relation to osseous development and age.
  • Emphasis on the role of computed tomography (CT) for assessing joint involvement and displacement.
  • Discussion of conservative versus surgical management strategies based on fracture characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Transitional fractures present unique challenges due to partial physeal closure, leading to multiplanar patterns.
  • Computed tomography is crucial for evaluating joint involvement and guiding surgical planning.
  • Conservative management is suitable for non-displaced fractures with monitoring, while displaced fractures require surgical intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving an adequate functional axis and protecting the physis are key therapeutic objectives.
  • Surgical intervention is indicated for fractures with significant physeal or joint displacement.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis with appropriate management is essential to prevent long-term growth disturbances.