Selected factors affecting the ruminant gastrointestinal microbiome and its basal composition

The microbiome of the ruminant digestive system is one of the most complex examples of the interaction between microorganisms and the host. The microbiome of the digestive system of ruminants is necessary to obtain energy from plant food, which would not be possible without its participation. The microbiome of the digestive system consists of bacteria, archaea, protozoa and fungi. Bacteria are the most numerous group, with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes being the main clusters. The composition of the microbiome, both quantitatively and qualitatively, depends on factors such as diet, age, health, and the environment. Additionally, it may be influenced by genetic or biological factors (e.g. gender). Microorganisms living in the digestive system of ruminants significantly affect their health or production indicators, which in turn is associated not only with the proper absorption of nutrients from food, but also with the function of the microbiome as a specific immune system.