Recent developments in sample preparation techniques combined with high-performance liquid chromatography: A critical...

Area of Science:

• Analytical Chemistry
• Separation Science

Background:

• High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a cornerstone in various scientific disciplines.
• Effective sample preparation is crucial for maximizing HPLC analytical performance.
• Recent advancements have significantly improved extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and compare prominent sample preparation techniques used with HPLC over the last two decades.
• To highlight the evolution and impact of these techniques in key application areas.
• To provide a comprehensive overview of methods for complex matrix analysis.

Main Methods:

• Review of literature focusing on sample preparation techniques coupled with HPLC from 2001-2021.
• Detailed description of eight key techniques: SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, SPME, UASE, and MWASE.
• Analysis of the offline and online coupling capabilities of these techniques with HPLC.

Main Results:

• Eight sample preparation techniques have gained prominence, offering efficient single-step extraction, cleanup, and preconcentration.
• Techniques like SPE, LLE, GPC, QuEChERS, and SPME can be utilized both offline and online with HPLC.
• UASE and MWASE, while primarily offline, can be integrated with automated online techniques for targeted analyses.
• Significant enhancements in applications including biological therapeutics, proteomics, lipidomics, metabolomics, forensics, and environmental/industrial hygiene were observed.

Conclusions:

• Advanced sample preparation techniques are vital for unlocking the full potential of HPLC in complex matrices.
• The reviewed methods provide efficient and versatile solutions for diverse analytical challenges.
• Continued innovation in sample preparation will further drive progress in biomedical, forensic, and environmental analyses.