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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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The Building Blocks of Child Bilingual Code-Mixing: A Cross-Corpus Traceback Approach.

Antje Endesfelder Quick1, Stefan Hartmann2

  • 1Faculty of Philology, Institute of British Studies, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|August 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early bilingual children’s code-mixing draws from their linguistic environment. Their unique input shapes distinct language patterns, highlighting individual differences in early language development.

Keywords:
code-mixingcorpus linguisticsindividual differencestraceback methodusage-based linguistics

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Developmental Linguistics
  • Child Language Acquisition

Background:

  • Bilingual children often exhibit code-mixing in early language development.
  • Understanding the sources of code-mixing is crucial for developmental linguistics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of input and individual differences in early code-mixing.
  • To investigate the origin of constructional patterns in bilingual children's utterances.

Main Methods:

  • Inductive, exploratory study using the traceback method.
  • Analysis of German-English bilingual children's (aged 2-4) code-mixed utterances.
  • Comparison of child utterances with monolingual data and caregiver input.

Main Results:

  • Code-mixed patterns were traceable to the children's linguistic input.
  • Children extract lexical knowledge from their environment.
  • Individual input significantly influences each child's unique language patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Input plays a key role in shaping early code-mixing.
  • Individual differences in input lead to distinct patterns in bilingual children's language.
  • This study illuminates the interplay between developing grammars and individual variation in bilingual acquisition.