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Neutron Diffraction Study of a Sintered Iron Electrode In Operando
Bernhard M H Weninger1, Michel A Thijs2, Jeroen A C Nijman3
1Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands.
Summary
This study reveals iron hydroxide accumulation limits iron electrode performance in alkaline batteries. Understanding these phases is key to improving energy storage materials.
Area of Science:
- Electrochemistry
- Materials Science
- Solid-state Chemistry
Background:
- Iron is an earth-abundant material with potential for energy applications.
- Understanding electrode behavior during charge/discharge cycles is crucial for battery development.
Purpose of the Study:
- Investigate iron electrode properties in an alkaline environment.
- Identify phases during discharge plateaus and explain reduced responsiveness at high rates.
Main Methods:
- Neutron diffraction was used to study an iron electrode.
- Measurements were conducted during electrode charging and discharging cycles.
Main Results:
- Metallic iron and iron hydroxide identified as the redox pair for the first discharge plateau.
- A feroxyhyte-like phase with unique hydrogen atom arrangement observed for the second plateau.
- Substantial, unreactive iron hydroxide accumulation and delayed iron fraction changes were observed, leading to undetectable iron phases.
Conclusions:
- Iron hydroxide significantly contributes to electrode passivation and performance limitations.
- Unexpected iron hydroxide precipitation during transitions hinders rechargeability.
- The findings explain the reduced responsiveness of iron electrodes at higher discharge rates.
