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COVID-19 and hypopituitarism.

Stefano Frara1, Paola Loli2, Agnese Allora2

  • 1Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. frara.stefano@hsr.it.

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
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PubMed
Summary

Hypopituitarism, a pituitary gland disorder, may worsen COVID-19 outcomes due to metabolic issues and direct pituitary damage. This review explores the link and vaccine management for patients with hypopituitarism and adrenal insufficiency.

Keywords:
COVID-19HypopituitarismPituitary surgerySARS-CoV-2Vaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Virology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents with pulmonary and emerging endocrine manifestations.
  • The pituitary gland and pre-existing pituitary diseases can influence COVID-19 severity.
  • Metabolic complications of hypopituitarism, such as hypertension and hyperglycemia, are linked to poor COVID-19 outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the bidirectional relationship between hypopituitarism and COVID-19.
  • To examine the impact of metabolic comorbidities and pituitary damage on COVID-19.
  • To provide recommendations for managing vaccines in patients with hypopituitarism and adrenal insufficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on COVID-19, pituitary diseases, and endocrine dysfunction.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations and outcomes in patients with hypopituitarism and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • Synthesis of current guidelines regarding vaccination in immunocompromised endocrine patients.

Main Results:

  • Hypopituitarism may be a risk factor for severe COVID-19.
  • Pituitary apoplexy can occur in COVID-19 patients.
  • Metabolic complications associated with hypopituitarism exacerbate COVID-19 prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Hypopituitarism and COVID-19 have a complex, potentially bidirectional relationship.
  • Management strategies for hypopituitarism patients during the pandemic require careful consideration.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the long-term endocrine consequences of COVID-19.