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Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
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Understanding Choline Bioavailability and Utilization: First Step Toward Personalizing Choline Nutrition.

Ying Qi Goh1, Guoxiang Cheam2, Yulan Wang1

  • 1Singapore Phenome Center, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 636921.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|August 16, 2021
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Summary

Most people don't get enough choline, an essential nutrient vital for brain and liver health. Gut bacteria and genetics significantly impact choline levels and health outcomes, necessitating personalized nutrition approaches.

Keywords:
TMAOcholinedietary fibergut microbiotanonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)personalized nutritiontrimethylamine (TMA)

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional biochemistry
  • Microbiome research
  • Human health and disease

Background:

  • Choline is an essential macronutrient crucial for neurotransmitter synthesis, cell membrane signaling, lipid transport, and methyl metabolism.
  • Insufficient choline intake is linked to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, skeletal muscle atrophy, and neurodegenerative conditions.
  • Gut microbiota metabolizes dietary choline into trimethylamine, a compound associated with atherosclerosis, potentially exacerbating choline deficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the intricate relationship between dietary choline, gut microbiota, and genetic factors.
  • To elucidate the impact of these interactions on overall health.
  • To highlight the need for understanding interindividual variability in choline metabolism for personalized nutrition.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on choline metabolism.
  • Analysis of the interplay between dietary choline, gut microbial composition, and host genetics.
  • Examination of health implications stemming from choline deficiency and altered gut microbiota.

Main Results:

  • Choline-utilizing bacteria represent a small fraction (<1%) of the gut microbiome and are influenced by diet, antibiotics, and probiotics.
  • Genetic factors also play a significant role in choline utilization and its health effects.
  • The conversion of choline to trimethylamine by gut bacteria is a key pathway influencing health outcomes, including cardiovascular risk.

Conclusions:

  • The health impact of choline is complex, influenced by a dynamic interplay between intake, gut microbiota activity, and host genetics.
  • Personalized nutrition strategies accounting for individual variations in choline metabolism are essential.
  • Further research into gut microbiota metabolism of choline is warranted to develop targeted interventions.