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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates
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Astrocytic IP3Rs: Beyond IP3R2.

Mark W Sherwood1, Misa Arizono2, Aude Panatier1

  • 1University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, Bordeaux, France.

Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
|August 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astrocytes regulate neuronal function via G-protein coupled receptors and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). Different IP3R subtypes (IP3R1, IP3R2, IP3R3) uniquely shape calcium dynamics and astrocyte-neuron communication.

Keywords:
GPCRIP3R subtypesastrocytecalciumgliotransmissioninositol triphosphate (IP3) receptortripartite synapse

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Astrocyte Biology

Background:

  • Astrocytes modulate neuronal functions through gliotransmitter release, influenced by neuronal activity.
  • Astrocytes utilize G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that signal via intracellular Ca2+ release channels, specifically inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs).
  • Previous research often focused on IP3R2, leading to an incomplete understanding of astrocytic IP3R signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence for multiple astrocytic IP3R isoforms (IP3R1, IP3R2, IP3R3).
  • To summarize the distinct properties of each IP3R subtype and their role in shaping spatiotemporal Ca2+ dynamics.
  • To discuss current and future experimental tools for studying endogenous IP3R isoform activity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on astrocytic IP3Rs.
  • Analysis of the biophysical properties, distribution, and regulation of IP3R1, IP3R2, and IP3R3.
  • Discussion of experimental methodologies and their limitations.

Main Results:

  • Astrocytic IP3Rs, particularly IP3R1 and IP3R3, possess unique characteristics distinct from IP3R2.
  • These isoforms contribute to diverse spatiotemporal Ca2+ dynamics, integrating neuronal input and modulating astrocyte-neuron communication.
  • Discrepancies in the literature may stem from over-reliance on IP3R2 as a universal model.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple IP3R isoforms in astrocytes contribute uniquely to cellular signaling and network function.
  • Understanding subtype-specific roles is crucial for deciphering astrocyte-neuron communication.
  • Further research with refined tools is needed to fully elucidate the physiological significance of each IP3R isoform.