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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 24, 2025

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Endoscopic Sphenoid Sinus Anatomic Considerations: A Study on 60 Cadavers.

Maryam Safarian1, Mohammad Sadeghi1, Babak Saedi1

  • 1Otorhinolaryngology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Iranian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
|August 16, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study found higher rates of carotid artery and optic nerve dehiscence in Persian sphenoid sinuses. These findings are crucial for skull base surgery planning in this population.

Keywords:
Endoscopic endonasal approachPituitary glandSkull base surgerySphenoid sinus

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Neurosurgery
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • The sphenoid sinus is vital for advanced sinus and skull base surgery.
  • Previous research has explored sphenoid sinus variations across populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document sphenoid sinus characteristics in a Persian population.
  • To evaluate potential differences in anatomical variations and dehiscence rates.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of 120 sphenoid sinuses from 60 adult cadavers.
  • Measurement of distances to key structures (e.g., pituitary gland, nasal spine).
  • Assessment of optic nerve and carotid artery canal dehiscence.

Main Results:

  • Carotid artery dehiscence observed in 20% of cases; optic nerve dehiscence in 12.5%.
  • Mean distance from sphenoid anterior wall to nasal spine: 73.3±1.3 mm.
  • Mean distance from pituitary gland to nasal spine: 81.1±1.6 mm.

Conclusions:

  • Higher prevalence of structural dehiscence noted in the Persian sphenoid sinus.
  • Findings emphasize the need for careful consideration in surgical management of related pathologies.