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Related Concept Videos

Arrhenius Plots02:34

Arrhenius Plots

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The Arrhenius equation relates the activation energy and the rate constant, k, for chemical reactions. In the Arrhenius equation, k = Ae−Ea/RT, R is the ideal gas constant, which has a value of 8.314 J/mol·K, T is the temperature on the kelvin scale, Ea is the activation energy in J/mole, e is the constant 2.7183, and A is a constant called the frequency factor, which is related to the frequency of collisions and the orientation of the reacting molecules.
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Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate02:55

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The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. This premise is the basis for a theory that explains many observations regarding chemical kinetics, including factors affecting reaction rates.
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The Arrhenius equation,
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The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time02:39

The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time

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While the differential rate law relates the rate and concentrations of reactants, a second form of rate law called the integrated rate law relates concentrations of reactants and time. Integrated rate laws can be used to determine the amount of reactant or product present after a period of time or to estimate the time required for a reaction to proceed to a certain extent. For example, an integrated rate law helps determine the length of time a radioactive material must be stored for its...
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Multi-Step Reactions02:31

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Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates the reacting species and the product species, but it reveals no details about how the reaction occurs at the molecular level. The reaction mechanism (or reaction path) provides details regarding the precise, step-by-step process by which a reaction occurs. Each of the steps in a reaction mechanism is called an elementary reaction. These...
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Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes02:49

Calculating Standard Free Energy Changes

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The free energy change for a reaction that occurs under the standard conditions of 1 bar pressure and at 298 K is called the standard free energy change. Since free energy is a state function, its value depends only on the conditions of the initial and final states of the system. A convenient and common approach to the calculation of free energy changes for physical and chemical reactions is by use of widely available compilations of standard state thermodynamic data. One method involves the...
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High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities
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Evaluating the Arrhenius equation for developmental processes.

Joseph Crapse1,2,3, Nishant Pappireddi2,3, Meera Gupta2,3,4

  • 1Undergraduate Integrated Science Curriculum, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.

Molecular Systems Biology
|August 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Arrhenius equation approximates temperature effects on biological development, like embryogenesis. Departures from this law in development may stem from non-ideal individual steps, not system complexity.

Keywords:
Drosophila melanogasterXenopus laevisArrhenius equationembryonic developmenttemperature dependence

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Arrhenius equation traditionally models temperature dependence in chemical reactions.
  • Its application to complex biological processes, such as embryonic development, remains an area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the predictive power of the Arrhenius equation for complex, multi-step biological processes.
  • To investigate the temperature dependence of frog and fruit fly embryogenesis using the Arrhenius equation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized frog and fruit fly embryogenesis as model systems for complex biological processes.
  • Analyzed temperature dependence of developmental intervals using Arrhenius plots.
  • Modeled idealized chemical networks and examined enzymatic activity (GAPDH, β-galactosidase) for comparison.

Main Results:

  • The Arrhenius equation provided a good approximation for the temperature dependence of overall embryogenesis.
  • Significant deviations from Arrhenius Law behavior were observed at low and high temperatures.
  • Modeled chemical networks did not replicate these deviations, unlike the enzymes GAPDH and β-galactosidase.

Conclusions:

  • Complex embryonic development can be effectively approximated by the Arrhenius equation, despite non-uniform scaling.
  • Observed departures from the Arrhenius Law likely arise from non-ideal individual reaction steps rather than overall system complexity.