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Published on: March 23, 2011
The calcium-dependent protease calpain in neuronal remodeling and neurodegeneration
Elsayed Metwally1, Guoli Zhao2, Yong Q Zhang3
1State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10080, China; Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
Abstract:
Calpains are evolutionarily conserved and widely expressed Ca2+-activated cysteine proteases that act at neutral pH. The activity of calpains is tightly regulated, given that their abnormal activation can have deleterious effects leading to promiscuous cleavage of various targets. Genetic mutations in the genes encoding calpains are associated with human diseases, while abnormally elevated Ca2+ levels promote Ca2+-dependent calpain activation in pathologies associated with ischemic insults and neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the regulation of calpain activity and activation as revealed through pharmacological, genetic, and optogenetic approaches. Furthermore, we highlight studies elucidating the role of calpains in dendrite pruning and axon degeneration in the context of Ca2+ homeostasis. Finally, we discuss future directions for the study of calpains and potential therapeutic strategies for inhibiting calpain activity in neurodegenerative diseases.
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