Neonatal encephalopathy: Etiologies other than hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Area of Science:

• Neonatology
• Neurology
• Pediatrics

Background:

• Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) is a complex clinical syndrome affecting newborns.
• It presents with abnormal brain function and can stem from diverse etiologies.
• Differentiating NE from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is crucial for appropriate management.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review conditions causing NE that may be misdiagnosed as HIE.
• To detail the distinguishing features, pathophysiology, and diagnostic approaches for various NE causes.
• To highlight the treatment implications based on identifying the specific etiology of NE.

Main Methods:

• This is a review article.
• It synthesizes information on various causes of NE.
• The review focuses on differential diagnosis from HIE.

Main Results:

• NE encompasses a broad range of conditions beyond HIE.
• Key differential diagnoses include brain malformations, vascular issues, genetic disorders, infections, and metabolic disturbances.
• Distinct clinical features, investigations, and pathophysiology aid in differentiating these causes.

Conclusions:

• Accurate diagnosis of NE etiology is essential for targeted treatment.
• Understanding the diverse causes of NE improves clinical decision-making.
• This review provides a framework for distinguishing NE from HIE and managing various etiologies.