A review on the fruit components affecting uric acid level and their underlying mechanisms

Uric acid (UA) is produced in the liver and excreted through the kidneys and intestines. If UA is overproduced or its excretion reduces, the concentration of UA increases, leading to hyperuricemia and gout. The high concentration of UA is also related to cardiovascular disease, hypertension, obesity, and other diseases. Fruits are healthy foods. However, fruits contain fructose and small amounts of purine, and the product of their metabolism is UA. Therefore, theoretically, eating fruits will increase the concentration of serum UA. Fruit components are numerous, and their effects on serum UA are complex. According to the current research, fructose, purine, polyphenols, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and minerals present in fruits influence serum UA concentrations. In addition to the UA synthesized by fructose and purine metabolism, the mechanisms by which other components affect the concentration of serum UA can be summarized as follows: (a) inhibiting xanthine oxidase; (b) reducing reabsorption of UA; and (c) improving the excretion of UA. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the fruit components that affect serum UA concentrations, and explained their mechanisms for the first time, which references for patients with hyperuricemia to take fruits. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: With the rising prevalence, hyperuricemia and gout have become public health problems that endanger our daily life. The key to the treatment of hyperuricemia is to control the level of serum UA within the normal range. Fruits are healthy foods. However, fruit components are numerous, and their effects on serum UA are complex. According to the current research, fructose, purine, polyphenols, vitamin C, dietary fiber, and minerals present in fruits influence serum UA concentrations. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the fruit components that affect serum UA concentrations. We also explained their mechanisms, which references for patients with hyperuricemia to take fruits.