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Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism02:37

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Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
In cyclohexane, the substituents can occupy different positions generating distinct isomers....
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In this lesson, we delve into the role of ring conformation and its stability, which determines the spatial arrangement and, consequently, the molecular symmetry and stereoisomerism of cyclic compounds. 1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane is used as a case study to evaluate the possible number of stereoisomers. Here, given the multiple (n = 2) chiral centers, there are 2n = 4 possible configurations that lack a plane of symmetry, as the ring skeleton exists in a non-planar chair conformation. In addition,...
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Stereoisomers

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On the basis of mirror symmetry, stereoisomers of an organic molecule can be further classified into diastereomers and enantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. Substituted alkenes, such as the cis and trans isomers of 2-butene, are diastereomers, as these molecules exhibit different spatial orientations of their constituent atoms, are not mirror images of each other, and do not interconvert. Here, the interconversion is suppressed due to...
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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Isomerism

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Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements. Isomers can be further classified into constitutional isomers and stereoisomers. Constitutional isomers differ in the connectivity of their constituent atoms. For example, 2-butanol and diethyl ether are constitutional isomers, as they have the same chemical formula, C4H10O, but differ in the connectivity of the carbon and oxygen atoms. Constitutional isomers have different physical and chemical...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Searching CODIS with binary conversions of STRmix interpretations.

Steven Myers1

  • 1California Department of Justice, Bureau of Forensic Services, Jan Bashinski DNA Laboratory, 1001 West Cutting Blvd. Ste. 110, Richmond, CA 94804, USA.

Forensic Science International. Genetics
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Probabilistic genotyping software like STRmix generates DNA profile data. This study details converting STRmix outputs into CODIS-compatible profiles for law enforcement databases, balancing lead detection with workload.

Keywords:
CAFPGCODISProbabilistic genotypingSTRSTRmix

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Genetics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Autosomal STR DNA typing is crucial for forensic identification.
  • Probabilistic genotyping software (e.g., STRmix) is the predominant interpretation method.
  • STRmix outputs are not directly compatible with law enforcement databases like CODIS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and assess a method for creating CODIS-compatible profiles from STRmix output.
  • To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the proposed approach.
  • To provide guidance on balancing investigative lead generation with database search efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized STRmix probabilistic genotyping software for DNA interpretation.
  • Developed a process to translate STRmix genotype weights into CODIS-searchable profiles.
  • Assessed the sensitivity and specificity of the generated CODIS profiles.
  • Evaluated the weight-of-evidence potential of STRmix interpretations.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created a method for generating CODIS-compatible profiles from STRmix.
  • The approach demonstrated acceptable sensitivity and specificity for database searching.
  • Guidance was developed for optimizing CODIS profile creation and searching.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method enables effective use of STRmix data in CODIS.
  • This facilitates the generation of investigative leads while managing database workload.
  • Pragmatic guidance supports efficient forensic DNA database utilization.