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Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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Extraction: Effects of pH00:53

Extraction: Effects of pH

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Consider a neutral form of an amine, B, with a partition coefficient, K, in a liquid mixture containing organic and aqueous phases. The pH of the aqueous phase affects the charge on acidic and basic solutes, and the charged form is usually more soluble in the aqueous phase. Suppose the conjugate acid form of the amine is soluble only in the aqueous phase while the base form is soluble in both phases. Then the distribution coefficient, D, can be given as the ratio of amine concentration in the...
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Validation of aqueous two-phase extraction method.

Luisaldo Sandate-Flores1, José Rodríguez-Rodríguez1, Magdalena Rostro-Alanis1

  • 1Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849 Mexico.

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|August 25, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Natural food colorants are in demand. This study optimized aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) to extract betacyanins from cactus fruit, yielding a low-sugar, high-betacyanin extract for food applications.

Keywords:
Aqueous two-phase systemsBetacyaninsBetalainsHigh-value compounds

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Natural Product Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Growing consumer demand for natural food ingredients drives research into novel sources and sustainable extraction methods.
  • Betalains, natural pigments found in cactus fruits, are attractive for use as food colorants.
  • Traditional extraction methods may not be optimal for preserving betalain integrity and minimizing sugar content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and optimize an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) for extracting low-sugar betacyanins from the jiotilla cactus fruit (Escontria chiotilla).
  • To evaluate the impact of key ATPS parameters on the partitioning of betacyanins, betaxanthins, sugars, and antioxidant activity.
  • To establish an efficient and environmentally friendly method for obtaining natural food colorants from cactus fruit.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) composed of ethyl alcohol and phosphate salts (KH2PO4/K2HPO4).
  • Investigated the effects of tie-line length (TLL) and phase volume ratio (Vr) on extract composition and yield.
  • Employed multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to determine the statistical significance of parameters.

Main Results:

  • Both TLL and Vr were found to be statistically significant factors influencing the partitioning of compounds (P < 0.05).
  • Optimal conditions (TLL=40, Vr=3) yielded the lowest bottom sugar content (25.78 ± 3.14%) and a high betacyanin yield (62.98 ± 4.52%).
  • Demonstrated the successful application of ATPS for betalain extraction from Escontria chiotilla, achieving significant enrichment.

Conclusions:

  • Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) provide an effective and tunable method for extracting betacyanins from Escontria chiotilla.
  • The optimized ATPS method successfully produces a low-sugar betacyanin extract suitable for natural food coloring.
  • This approach promotes the valorization of plant waste materials, aligning with sustainable and green chemistry principles.