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Volcanic Vortex Rings: Axial Dynamics, Acoustic Features, and Their Link to Vent Diameter and Supersonic Jet Flow.

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Explosive volcanic eruptions create vortex rings. Researchers used high-speed imaging and acoustics to study these volcanic vortex rings (VVRs) at Stromboli, successfully estimating eruption jet Mach number and vent diameter.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Volcanology

Background:

  • Explosive volcanic eruptions generate pyroclastic flows and gas emissions.
  • Vortex rings are toroidal vortices formed by the initial momentum of jets.
  • Volcanic vortex rings (VVRs) are a common phenomenon in explosive eruptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and characteristics of VVRs from gas-rich eruptive jets.
  • To establish a relationship between VVRs and acoustic signals.
  • To utilize VVRs and acoustics for estimating eruption parameters.

Main Methods:

  • High-speed imaging of VVRs at Stromboli volcano.
  • Acoustic measurements of eruptive jets.
  • Comparison of experimental fluid-dynamic models with VVR observations.

Main Results:

  • VVRs form with an initial compression acoustic wave.
  • VVR rise velocity correlates with the acoustic wave's amplitude and duration.
  • Acoustic signatures and VVR rise match fluid-dynamic predictions.
  • Eruption jet Mach number (<1.5) and vent diameter (~0.7 m) were successfully retrieved.

Conclusions:

  • VVRs and their acoustic signatures provide valuable insights into volcanic eruptions.
  • The study successfully quantifies eruption parameters using VVR dynamics and acoustics.
  • Findings are validated by independent Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle observations of vent diameter.