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In flight fragmentation reduces bomb size range and hazard during explosive volcanic eruptions.

C Biensan1,2, J Taddeucci3, M Alatorre-Ibarguengoitia4

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Volcanic bombs fragment during flight, with collisions and drag breaking apart 73% of larger fragments. This process limits the dispersal range and energy of falling volcanic bombs, impacting eruption hazard models.

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Area of Science:

  • Volcanology
  • Geophysics
  • Earth and Planetary Sciences

Background:

  • Explosive volcanic eruptions eject molten magma fragments (volcanic bombs).
  • In-flight fragmentation of volcanic bombs influences their dispersal and hazard potential.
  • The extent and drivers of bomb fragmentation during flight are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the in-flight fragmentation of volcanic bombs.
  • To identify the primary mechanisms driving bomb fragmentation during aerial transit.
  • To provide data for improving volcanic hazard models and interpreting eruption deposits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-speed and high-definition imaging of three explosive volcanic eruptions.
  • Analyzed bomb trajectories and fragmentation patterns post-ejection.
  • Estimated the proportion of bombs undergoing in-flight fragmentation.

Main Results:

  • In-flight fragmentation affects 73% of volcanic bombs coarser than approximately 0.2 meters.
  • Bomb-to-bomb collisions and aerodynamic drag are the main fragmentation drivers.
  • Drag forces selectively fragment larger, faster bombs, limiting their range.

Conclusions:

  • In-flight fragmentation is a significant process in explosive eruptions.
  • Understanding fragmentation mechanisms improves volcanic deposit interpretation.
  • Quantified fragmentation data enhance volcanic bomb hazard modeling.