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In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Nerve Growth Factor Compromise in Down Syndrome.

Sonia Do Carmo1, Benjamin Kannel2, A Claudio Cuello1,2,3,4

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves nerve growth factor (NGF) dysmetabolism, impacting basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. This disruption is also observed in Down syndrome (DS), suggesting potential NGF biomarkers for evolving AD pathology in DS.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’sDown syndromebasal forebrain cholinergic neuroncholinergic dysfunctionmetabolic pathwaynerve growth factorneuroinflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The basal forebrain cholinergic system requires nerve growth factor (NGF) for neuronal health.
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by basal forebrain cholinergic neuron (BFCN) atrophy, indicating impaired NGF support.
  • NGF metabolism in the central nervous system is tightly regulated by an activity-dependent cascade.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review Alzheimer's pathology characteristics in Down syndrome (DS).
  • To emphasize the disruption of the NGF metabolic pathway in evolving AD pathology within DS.
  • To discuss the potential of NGF-related biomarkers for tracking AD progression in DS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Alzheimer's pathology, Down syndrome, and NGF metabolism.
  • Analysis of NGF dysmetabolism in advanced AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and non-demented individuals with amyloid.
  • Examination of findings supporting NGF dysmetabolism in DS and its correlation with BFCN atrophy.

Main Results:

  • NGF dysmetabolism is established in advanced AD brains and present in MCI and non-demented individuals with elevated amyloid.
  • Individuals with DS invariably develop AD, exhibiting similar NGF dysmetabolism.
  • This NGF dysmetabolism in DS coincides with atrophy of the basal forebrain cholinergic system.

Conclusions:

  • NGF dysmetabolism is a key feature of evolving Alzheimer's pathology, extending to individuals with Down syndrome.
  • The basal forebrain cholinergic system is significantly affected by NGF dysmetabolism in both AD and DS.
  • NGF-related biomarkers hold promise for identifying and monitoring Alzheimer's pathology progression in Down syndrome.